This guide specifies standard specification for heavy-wall carbon and alloy steel pipe made from turned and bored forgings and is intended for high-temperature service. Heat and product analysis shall be conducted on several grades of ferritic steels, wherein the material shall conform to the required chemical composition for carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, chromium, and molybdenum. The steel pipe shall conform to the required tensile properties like tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation. Required mechanical tests for the steel pipe include transverse or longitudinal tension test, flattening test, and bend test.1.1 This specification2 covers heavy-wall carbon and alloy steel pipe (Note 1) made from turned and bored forgings and is intended for high-temperature service. Pipe ordered under this specification shall be suitable for bending and other forming operations and for fusion welding. Selection will depend on design, service conditions, mechanical properties and high-temperature characteristics.NOTE 1: The use of the word “pipe” throughout the several sections of this specification is used in the broad sense and intended to mean pipe headers, or leads.NOTE 2: The dimensionless designator NPS (nominal pipe size) has been substituted in this standard for such traditional terms as “nominal diameter,” “size,” and “nominal size.”1.2 Several grades of ferritic steels are covered. Their compositions are given in Table 1.1.3 Supplementary requirements (S1 to S7) of an optional nature are provided. Supplementary requirements S1 to S5 call for additional tests to be made, and when desired shall be so stated in the order, together with the number of such tests required as applicable.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the “M” designation of this specification is specified in the order.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This specification covers the chemical and mechanical requirements for quenched and tempered steel nonheaded bolts and studs with enhanced Charpy V-notch impact properties for anchorage and other purposes. The material shall be alloy steel as described in Table 1 and is limited to 5/8 to 3 in. (15.875 to 76 mm) inclusive, in nominal diameter. 1.2 This specification does not apply to mechanical expansion anchors for concrete or to powder-activated nails or studs for concrete or steel. 1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.

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5.1 For ferromagnetic materials, magnetic particle examination is widely specified for the detection of surface and near-surface flaws such as cracks, laps, seams, and linearly oriented nonmetallic inclusions. Such examinations are included as mandatory requirements in some forging standards such as Specifications A508/A508M and A963/A963M.5.2 Use of alternating current as the power source for magnetic particle examination imposes a significant restriction on the detection of subsurface indications, so that the procedure is essentially limited to the finding of flaws that are open to the surface. Attention therefore is drawn to the need to have the component in the finish-machined condition before conducting the magnetic particle examination.5.3 The presence of residual magnetic fields in a component may be undesirable, and an advantage of the use of an ac power source for magnetic particle examination is that an acceptable level of demagnetization can be readily achieved.1.1 This practice covers a procedure for the magnetic particle examination of steel forgings using alternating current as the power source. The procedure will produce consistent results upon which acceptance standards can be based. This practice does not contain acceptance limits or recommended quality levels.1.2 Only alternating 50–60 cycle current shall be used as the electric power source for any of the magnetizing methods.1.3 When subsurface indications are sought in forgings, then dc magnetization in accordance with Practice A275/A275M should be used.1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined. Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation [SI units], the inch-pound units shall be used.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers aluminum and aluminum-alloy seamless pipe and seamless extruded tube for gas and oil transmission and distribution piping systems. The pipe and tube shall be produced from hollow extrusion ingot (cast in hollow form or pierced) and shall be extruded by use of the die and mandrel method. The pipe and tube shall conform to the chemical composition requirements specified. The determination of chemical composition shall be made in accordance with suitable chemical (test methods E 34), or spectrochemical (test methods E 227, E 607, and E 1251) methods. Heat treatment for the production of T1 and T5-type tempers shall be in accordance with Practice B 807, and for the production of T4 and T6-type tempers, except as noted, shall be in accordance with practice B 918. Unless otherwise specified, alloys 6061, 6063, and 6351 may be solution heat treated and quenched at the extrusion press in accordance with practice B 807 for the production of T4 and T6-type tempers, as applicable. The material shall conform to the tensile property requirements specified. The tension tests shall be made in accordance with test methods B 557 and B 557M. Pipe and tube heat treated at the extrusion press shall conform to all requirements specified.1.1 This specification covers seamless pipe and seamless extruded tube in the aluminum and aluminum alloys (Note 1) and tempers listed in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively. Seamless pipe and seamless tube are intended for use in applications involving internal pressure.Note 1—Throughout this specification use of the term alloy in the general sense includes aluminum as well as aluminum alloy.Note 2—For drawn seamless tubes, see Specifications B210 and B210M; for extruded tubes, Specifications B221 and B221M; for drawn seamless tubes for condensers and heat exchangers, Specifications B234 and B234M; for seamless pipe and seamless extruded tube, B241/B241M; for round welded tubes, Specification B313/B313M; for seamless condenser and heat exchanger tubes with integral fins, Specification ; for extruded structural pipe and tube, Specification B429/B429M; and for drawn tube for general purpose applications, Specification B483/B483M.1.2 Alloy and temper designations are in accordance with ANSI H35.1 [H35.1M]. The equivalent Unified Numbering System alloy designations are those of Table 3 preceded by A9, for example, A93003 for aluminum alloy 3003 in accordance with Practice E527.1.3 For acceptance criteria for inclusion of new aluminum and aluminum alloys in this specification, see Annex A2.1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.TABLE 1 Tensile Property Limits for Extruded Seamless PipeA,BAlloy Temper Pipe Size,in. Strength, min, ksi [MPa] ElongationC,DTensile Yield (0.2 % Offset) in 2 in. [50 mm] or 4×Diameter, min, % in 5 × D(5.65)3003 H18 under 1 27.0 [185] 24.0 [165] 4 4 H112 1 and over 14.0 [95] 5.0 [35] 25 226061 T6 under 1 38.0 [260] 35.0 [240] 8 ... 1 and over 38.0 [260] 35.0 [240] 10E 96063 T6 all 30.0 [205] 25.0 [170] 8 76351 T5T6 allall 38.0 [260]42.0 [290] 35.0 [240]37.0 [255] 10E10F 99A The basis for establishment of mechanical property limits is given in Annex A1 of this specification.B To determine conformance to this specification, each value for tensile strength and for yield strength shall be rounded to the nearest 0.1 ksi [MPa] and each value for elongation to the nearest 0.5 %, both in accordance with the rounding method of Practice E29.C Elongation of full-section and sheet-type specimens is measured in 2 in.; of cut-out round specimens, 4× specimen diameter.D Elongations in 50 mm apply for pipe tested in full sections and for sheet-type specimens machined from material up through 12.5 mm in thickness having parallel surfaces. Elongations in 5 × D (at 5.65), where D and A are diameter and cross-sectional area of the specimen, respectively, apply to round test specimens machined from thicknesses over 6.30 mm.E The minimum elongation for a wall thickness up through 0.249 in. [6.3 mm] is 8 %.F For wall thickness 0.124 in. [3.20 mm] and less, the minimum elongation is 8 %.TABLE 2 Tensile Property Limits for Extruded Seamless TubeA,BTemper Specified WallThickness, in. [mm] Area, in.2 [mm2] Tensile Strength, ksi [MPa] Yield Strength(0.2 % offset)ksi [MPa], min ElongationC,Dmin max in 2 in. [50 mm] or4 × D min,% in 5 × D(5.65)EAluminum 1060FOH112 allall allall 8.5 [60]8.5 [60] 14.0 [95]... [...] 2.5 [15]2.5 [15] 2525G 2222GAlloy 3003FOH112 allall allall 14.0 [95]14.0 [95] 19.0 [130]... [...] 5.0 [35]5.0 [35] 2525 2222Alloy Alclad 3003FOH112 allall allall 13.0 [90]13.0 [90] 18.0 [125]... [...] 4.5 [30]4.5 [30] 2525 2222Alloy 5083FOH111H112 all [130.00]all [130.00]all [130.00] up through 32.0 [20 000]up through 32.0 [20 000]up through 32.0 [20 000] 39.0 [270]40.0 [275]39.0 [270] 51.0 [350]... [...]... [...] 16.0 [110]24.0 [165]16.0 [110] 141212 121010Alloy 5086FOH111H112 all [130.00]all [130.00]all [130.00] up through 32.0 [20 000]up through 32.0 [20 000]up through 32.0 [20 000] 35.0 [240]36.0 [250]35.0 [240] 46.0 [315]... [...]... [...] 14.0 [95]21.0 [145]14.0 [95] 141212 121010Alloy 6061FOH all all ... [...] 22.0 [150] 16.0I [...] 16 14T1 [16.00] all [180] ... [...] [95] 16 14 all all 26.0 [180] ... [...] 16.0 [110] 16 14T42J all all 26.0 [180] ... [...] 12.0 [85] 16 14T51 [16.00] all [240] ... [...] [205] 8 7 up through 0.249 [6.30]0.250 and over [6.30] allall 38.0 [260]38.0 [260] ... [...]... [...] 35.0 [240]35.0 [240] 810 ...9Alloy 6063FOHT1K allup through 0.500 [12.50]0.501–1.000 [12.50–25.00] ... [all]allall ... [...]17.0 [115]16.0 [110] 19.0 [130]... [...]... [...] ... [...]9.0 [60]8.0 [55] 181212 [...] 161010T4, T42L up through 0.500 [12.50] all 19.0 [130] ... [...] 10.0 [70] 14 12 0.501–1.000 [12.50–25.00] all 18.0 [125] ... [...] 9.0 [60] 14 [...] 12T5 up through 0.500 [12.50] all 22.0 [150] ... [...] 16.0 [110] 8 7 0.501–1.000 [12.50–25.0] all 21.0 [145] ... [...] 15.0 [105] 8 [...] 7T52 up through 1.000 [25.00] all 22.0 [150] 30.0 [205] 16.0M [110] 8 7T6, T62L up through 0.124 [3.20] all 30.0 [205] ... [...] 25.0 [170] 8 ... 0.125–1.000 [3.20–25.00] all 30.0 [205] ... [...] 25.0 [170] 10 7Alloy 6070FT6, T62L up through 2.999 up through 32 48.0 [330] ... [...] 45.0 [310] 6 5Alloy 6351FT4T6 allup through 0.1240.125–0.749 all...... 32.0 [220]42.0 [290]42.0 [290] ... [...]... [...]... [...] 19.0 [130]37.0 [255]37.0 [255] 16810 14...9A The basis of establishment of mechanical property limits is given in Annex A1 of this specification.B To determine conformance to this specification, each value for ultimate tensile strength and for yield strength shall be rounded to the nearest 0.1 ksi [MPa] and each value for elongation to the nearest 0.5 %, both in accordance with the rounding method of Practice E29.C Elongation of full-section and sheet-type specimens is measured in 2 in.; of cut-out round specimens, in 4× specimen diameter.D For material of such dimensions that a standard test specimen cannot be taken, or for material thinner than 0.062 in., the test for elongation is not required.E Elongations in 50 mm apply for tube tested in full section and for sheet-type specimens machined from material up through 12.5 mm in thickness having parallel surfaces. Elongations in 5× diameter (5.65), where D and A are diameter and cross-sectional area of the specimen, respectively, apply to round test specimens machined from thickness over 6.30 mm. For tube of such dimensions that a standard test specimen cannot be taken, the test for elongation is not required.F These alloys are also produced in the F temper, for which no mechanical properties are specified.G Maximum tensile strength and minimum elongation apply to tubes having diameters from 1.000 in. to 4.500 in. and wall thickness from 0.050 in. to 0.169 in. only. Minimum elongation applies to tubes having diameters from 25.00 to 115.00 mm and wall thickness over 1.30 through 4.30 mm only.H Upon heat treatment, annealed (0 temper) material shall be capable of developing the mechanical properties applicable to T42 temper material, and upon solution and precipitation heat treatment shall be capable of developing the mechanical properties applicable to T62 temper material.I Yield strength is maximum [110 MPa] max.J For stress-relieved tempers (T4510, T4511, T6510 and T6511) characteristics and properties other than those specified may differ somewhat from the corresponding characteristics and properties of material in the basic temper.K Formerly designated T42 temper. Properly aged precipitation heat-treated 6063-T1 extruded products are designated T5.L While material in the T42 and T62 tempers is not available from the material producer, the properties are listed to indicate those which can usually be obtained by the user when the material is properly solution heat treated or solution and precipitation heat treated from the O (annealed) or F (as-fabricated) tempers. These properties apply when samples of material supplied in the O or F temper are heat treated by the producer to the T42 or T62 tempers to determine that the material will respond to proper thermal treatment. Properties attained by the user, however, may be lower than those listed if the material has been formed or otherwise cold or hot worked, particularly in the annealed temper, prior to solution heat treatment.M Maximum yield strength is 25.0 ksi [170 MPa].TABLE 3 Chemical CompositionA,B,CAlloy Composition, %Silicon Iron Copper Manganese Magnesium Chromium Zinc Vanadium Titanium Other ElementsD AluminumEach TotalE10603003 0.250.6 0.350.7 0.050.05–0.20 0.031.0–1.5 0.03... ...... 0.050.10 0.05... 0.03... 0.030.05 ...0.15 99.60 minFremainderAlclad 3003 3003 alloy clad inside or outside with 7072 alloy5083 0.40 0.40 0.10 0.40–1.0 4.0–4.9 0.05–0.25 0.25 ... 0.15 0.05 0.15 remainder5086 0.40 0.50 0.10 0.20–0.7 3.5–4.5 0.05–0.25 0.25 ... 0.15 0.05 0.15 remainder6061G 0.40–0.8 0.7 0.15–0.40 0.15 0.8–1.2 0.04–0.35 0.25 ... 0.15 0.05 0.15 remainder6063 0.20–0.6 0.35 0.10 0.10 0.45–0.9 0.10 0.10 ... 0.10 0.05 0.15 remainder6070 1.0–1.7 0.50 0.15–0.40 0.40–1.0 0.50–1.2 0.10 0.25 ... 0.15 0.05 0.15 remainder6351 0.7–1.3 0.50 0.10 0.40–0.8 0.40–0.8 ... 0.20 ... 0.20 0.05 0.15 remainder7072H 0.7 Si + Fe 0.10 0.10 0.10 ... 0.8–1.3 ... ... 0.05 0.15 remainderA Limits are in percent maximum unless shown as a range or stated otherwise.B Analysis shall be made for the elements for which limits are shown in this table.C For purposes of determining conformance to these limits, an observed value or a calculated value obtained from analysis shall be rounded to the nearest unit in the last right-hand place of figures used in expressing the specified limit, in accordance with the rounding method of Practice E29.D Others includes listed elements for which no specific limit is shown as well as unlisted metallic elements. The producer may analyze samples for trace elements not specified in the specification. However, such analysis is not required and may not cover all metallic Others elements. Should any analysis by the producer or the purchaser establish that an Others element exceeds the limit of Each or that the aggregate of several Others elements exceeds the limit of Total, the material shall be considered non-conforming.E Other ElementsTotal shall be the sum of unspecified metallic elements 0.010 % or more, rounded to the second decimal before determining the sum.F The aluminum content shall be calculated by subtracting from 100.00 % the sum of all metallic elements present in amounts of 0.010 % or more each, rounded to the second decimal before determining the sum.G In 1965 the requirements for Alloy 6062 were combined with those of Alloy 6061 by revision of the minimum chromium content from 0.15 to 0.04. For this reason, Alloy 6062 was cancelled.H Composition of cladding alloy as applied during the course of manufacture. The sample from finished tube shall not be required to conform to these limits.

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5.1 The spiral contractometer, properly used, will give reproducible results (see 9.5) over a wide range of stress values. Internal stress limits with this method can be specified for use by both the purchaser and the producer of plated or electroformed parts.5.2 Plating with large tensile stresses will reduce the fatigue strength of a product made from high-strength steel. Maximum stress limits can be specified to minimize this. Other properties affected by stress include corrosion resistance, dimensional stability, cracking, and peeling.5.3 In control of electroforming solutions, the effects of stress are more widely recognized, and the control of stress is usually necessary to obtain a usable electroform. Internal stress limits can be determined and specified for production control.5.4 Internal stress values obtained by the spiral contractometer do not necessarily reflect the internal stress values found on a part plated in the same solution. Internal stress varies with many factors, such as coating thickness, preparation of substrate, current density, and temperature, as well as the solution composition. Closer correlation is achieved when the test conditions match those used to coat the part.1.1 This test method covers the use of the spiral contractometer for measuring the internal stress of metallic coatings as produced from plating solutions on a helical cathode. The test method can be used with electrolytic and autocatalytic deposits.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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16.1 For purposes of determining compliance with the specified limits for requirements of the properties listed in Table 8, an observed value or calculated value shall be rounded as indicated in accordance with the rounding method of Practice E29.AbstractThis specification covers seamless copper alloy water tubes for general plumbing and similar applications in fluid conveyance. These water tubes made from UNS C10200, C12000, and C12200 copper alloys are commonly used with solder, flared, or compression-type fittings. The materials should be cold-drawn to size and the tubes finished by cold working and annealing to produce the required temper and surface finish. When tubes are furnished in coils, annealing is done after coiling, while those furnished in straight lengths should be in the drawn temper. The numerical values in this specification are not presented in inch-pound units, but rather, in metric or SI units only.1.1 This specification covers seamless copper water tube suitable for general plumbing, similar applications for the conveyance of fluids, and commonly used with solder, flared, or compression-type fittings. The type of copper water tube suitable for any particular application is determined by the internal or external fluid pressure, by the installation and service conditions, and by local requirements. Means of joining or bending are also factors that affect the selection of the type of tube to be used.2NOTE 1: Annealed tube is suitable for use with flared or compression fittings, and with solder-type fittings, provided rounding and sizing of the tube ends is performed where needed.NOTE 2: Drawn temper tube is suitable for use with solder-type fittings. Types A and B tube, in the drawn temper, are suitable for use with certain types and sizes of compression fittings.1.2 The tube shall be produced from the following coppers, and the manufacturer has the option to supply any one of them, unless otherwise specified:CopperUNS No. Previously UsedDesignation Description     C10200 OF Oxygen free without  residual deoxidantsC12000 DLP Phosphorus deoxidized, low residual phosphorusC12200 DHP Phosphorus deoxidized, high residual phosphorus1.3 The assembly of copper plumbing or fire sprinkler systems by soldering is described in Practice B828.1.4 Solders for joining copper potable water or fire sprinkler systems are covered by Specification B32. The requirements for acceptable fluxes for these systems are covered by Specification B813.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.NOTE 3: This specification is the SI companion to Specification B88.1.6 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 15, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Significance of Thermal Resistance Measurements—Knowledge of the thermal resistance of new buildings is important to determine whether the quality of construction satisfies criteria set by the designer, by the owner, or by a regulatory agency. Differences in quality of materials or workmanship may cause building components not to achieve design performance.5.1.1 For Existing Buildings—Knowledge of thermal resistance is important to the owners of older buildings to determine whether the buildings should receive insulation or other energy-conserving improvements. Inadequate knowledge of the thermal properties of materials or heat flow paths within the construction or degradation of materials may cause inaccurate assumptions in calculations that use published data.5.2 Advantage of In-Situ Data—This practice provides information about thermal performance that is based on measured data. This may determine the quality of new construction for acceptance by the owner or occupant or it may provide justification for an energy conservation investment that could not be made based on calculations using published design data.5.3 Heat Flow Paths—This practice assumes that net heat flow is perpendicular to the surface of the building envelope component within a given subsection. Knowledge of surface temperature in the area subject to measurement is required for placing sensors appropriately. Appropriate use of infrared thermography is often used to obtain such information. Thermography reveals nonuniform surface temperatures caused by structural members, convection currents, air leakage, and moisture in insulation. Practices C1060 and C1153 detail the appropriate use of infrared thermography. Note that thermography as a basis for extrapolating the results obtained at a measurement site to other similar parts of the same building is beyond the scope of this practice.5.4 User Knowledge Required—This practice requires that the user have knowledge that the data employed represent an adequate sample of locations to describe the thermal performance of the construction. Sources for this knowledge include the referenced literature in Practice C1046 and related works listed in Appendix X2. The accuracy of the calculation is strongly dependent on the history of the temperature differences across the envelope component. The sensing and data collection apparatuses shall have been used properly. Factors such as convection and moisture migration affect interpretation of the field data.5.5 Indoor-Outdoor Temperature Difference—The speed of convergence of the summation technique described in this practice improves with the size of the average indoor-outdoor temperature difference across the building envelope. The sum of least squares technique is insensitive to indoor-outdoor temperature difference, to small and drifting temperature differences, and to small accumulated heat fluxes.5.6 Time-Varying Thermal Conditions—The field data represent varying thermal conditions. Therefore, obtain time-series data at least five times more frequently than the most frequent cyclical heat input, such as a furnace cycle. Obtain the data for a long enough period such that two sets of data that end a user-chosen time period apart do not cause the calculation of thermal resistance to be different by more than 10 %, as discussed in 6.4.5.6.1 Gather the data over an adequate range of thermal conditions to represent the thermal resistance under the conditions to be characterized.NOTE 2: The construction of some building components includes materials whose thermal performance is dependent on the direction of heat flow, for example, switching modes between convection and stable stratification in horizontal air spaces.5.7 Lateral Heat Flow—Avoid areas with significant lateral heat flow. Report the location of each source of temperature and heat flux data. Identify possible sources of lateral heat flow, including a highly conductive surface, thermal bridges beneath the surface, convection cells, etc., that may violate the assumption of heat flow perpendicular to the building envelope component.NOTE 3: Appropriate choice of heat flow sensors and placement of those sensors can sometimes provide meaningful results in the presence of lateral heat flow in building components. Metal surfaces and certain concrete or masonry components may create severe difficulties for measurement due to lateral heat flow.5.8 Light- to Medium-Weight Construction—This practice is limited to light- to medium-weight construction that has an indoor temperature that varies by less than 3 K. The heaviest construction to which this practice applies would weigh 440 kg/m2, assuming that the massive elements in building construction all have a specific heat of about 0.9 kJ/kg K. Examples of the heaviest construction include: (1) a 390-kg/m2 wall with a brick veneer, a layer of insulation, and concrete blocks on the inside layer or (2) a 76-mm concrete slab with insulated built-up roofing of 240 kg/m2. Insufficient knowledge and experience exists to extend the practice to heavier construction.5.9 Heat Flow Modes—The mode of heat flow is a significant factor determining R-value in construction that contains air spaces. In horizontal construction, air stratifies or convects, depending on whether heat flow is downwards or upwards. In vertical construction, such as walls with cavities, convection cells affect determination of R-value significantly. In these configurations, apparent R-value is a function of mean temperature, temperature difference, and location along the height of the convection cell. Measurements on a construction whose performance is changing with conditions is beyond the scope of this practice.1.1 This practice covers how to obtain and use data from in-situ measurement of temperatures and heat fluxes on building envelopes to compute thermal resistance. Thermal resistance is defined in Terminology C168 in terms of steady-state conditions only. This practice provides an estimate of that value for the range of temperatures encountered during the measurement of temperatures and heat flux.1.2 This practice presents two specific techniques, the summation technique and the sum of least squares technique, and permits the use of other techniques that have been properly validated. This practice provides a means for estimating the mean temperature of the building component for estimating the dependence of measured R-value on temperature for the summation technique. The sum of least squares technique produces a calculation of thermal resistance which is a function of mean temperature.1.3 Each thermal resistance calculation applies to a subsection of the building envelope component that was instrumented. Each calculation applies to temperature conditions similar to those of the measurement. The calculation of thermal resistance from in-situ data represents in-service conditions. However, field measurements of temperature and heat flux may not achieve the accuracy obtainable in laboratory apparatuses.1.4 This practice permits calculation of thermal resistance on portions of a building envelope that have been properly instrumented with temperature and heat flux sensing instruments. The size of sensors and construction of the building component determine how many sensors shall be used and where they should be placed. Because of the variety of possible construction types, sensor placement and subsequent data analysis require the demonstrated good judgement of the user.1.5 Each calculation pertains only to a defined subsection of the building envelope. Combining results from different subsections to characterize overall thermal resistance is beyond the scope of this practice.1.6 This practice sets criteria for the data-collection techniques necessary for the calculation of thermal properties (see Note 1). Any valid technique may provide the data for this practice, but the results of this practice shall not be considered to be from an ASTM standard, unless the instrumentation technique itself is an ASTM standard.NOTE 1: Currently only Practice C1046 can provide the data for this practice. It also offers guidance on how to place sensors in a manner representative of more than just the instrumented portions of the building components.1.7 This practice pertains to light-through medium-weight construction as defined by example in 5.8. The calculations apply to the range of indoor and outdoor temperatures observed.1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification covers hydraulic hydrated lime for structural purposes. Hydraulic hydrated lime may be used in the scratch or brown coat of plaster, stucco, mortar, or in Portland-cement concrete either as blend, amendment, or admixture. The hydraulic hydrated lime shall conform to the chemical composition requirements for calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, silica, iron oxide, aluminum oxide, and carbon dioxide. The sample shall be subjected to the following test methods: chemical analysis; fineness; normal consistency; time of setting; autoclave expansion; and compressive strength.1.1 This specification covers hydrated hydraulic lime for structural purposes.1.2 Hydrated hydraulic lime may be used in the scratch or brown coat of plaster, stucco, mortar, or in portland-cement concrete either as blend, amendment, or admixture.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 11 of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 This practice is intended to regulate the installation of reinforced AAC units and to provide test methods for determining their transverse load-displacement characteristics and load-carrying capacities.1.1 This practice covers the installation and testing of solid, reinforced units made from autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC), a cementitious product addressed by Specification C1693. The units are large-sized, factory-reinforced, solid rectangular prisms, laid using thin-bed mortar.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 The deformation and end point of a cone corresponds to a certain heat-work condition due to the effects of time, temperature, and atmosphere.5.2 The precision of this test method is subject to many variables that are difficult to control. Therefore, an experienced operator may be necessary where PCE values are being utilized for specification purposes.5.3 PCE values are used to classify fireclay and high-alumina refractories.5.4 This is an effective method of identifying fireclay variations, mining control, and developing raw material specifications.5.5 Although not recommended, this test method is sometimes applied to materials other than fireclay and high alumina. Such practice should be limited to in-house laboratories and never be used for specification purposes.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the pyrometric cone equivalent (PCE) of fire clay, fireclay brick, high-alumina brick, and silica fire clay refractory mortar by comparison of test cones with standard pyrometric cones under the conditions prescribed in this test method.1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.2.1 Exceptions—Certain weights are in SI units with inch-pound in parentheses. Also, certain figures have SI units without parentheses. These SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

4.1 The purpose of this practice is to identify sample and test parameters that may influence graphite irradiation test results. This practice should not be construed as a requirement or recommendation that proprietary information be disclosed.4.2 Irradiation results on graphite include dimensional changes and changes in properties that are used in reactor design. The irradiation data are reported in government documents, open literature publications, and are assembled into data manuals for use by reactor designers.1.1 This practice covers information recommended for inclusion in reports giving graphite irradiation results.1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

This specification covers minimum material requirements, and safety precautions in application, for adhesives to bond thermal insulation duct liner on the interior surfaces of sheet metal air conditioning ducts; and for coating exposed edges and joints of duct liner thermal insulation to minimize erosion of insulation fibers by air movement. Adhesives shall be classified as follows: Type I; Type II; Type III; and Type IV. The following test methods shall be performed: bonding strength; bond retention after heat aging; flame spread and smoke developed; edge-burning test; storage stability; and precision and bias.1.1 This specification covers minimum material requirements, and safety precautions in application, for adhesives to bond thermal insulation duct liner on the interior surfaces of sheet metal air conditioning ducts; and for coating exposed edges and joints of duct liner thermal insulation to minimize erosion of insulation fibers by air movement.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Sections 7 and 9.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 The pH of water is a critical parameter affecting the solubility of trace minerals, the ability of the water to form scale or to cause metallic corrosion, and the suitability of the water to sustain living organisms. It is a defined scale, based on a system of buffer solutions2 with assigned values. In pure water at 25°C, pH 7.0 is the neutral point, but this varies with temperature and the ionic strength of the sample.5 Pure water in equilibrium with air has a pH of about 5.5, and most natural uncontaminated waters range between pH 6 and pH 9.1.1 These test methods cover the determination of pH by electrometric measurement using the glass electrode as the sensor. Two test methods are given as follows:  SectionsTest Method A—Precise Laboratory Measurement  8 to 15Test Method B—Routine or Continuous Measurement 16 to 241.2 Test Method A covers the precise measurement of pH in water utilizing at least two of seven standard reference buffer solutions for instrument standardization.1.3 Test Method B covers the routine measurement of pH in water and is especially useful for continuous monitoring. Two buffers are used to standardize the instrument under controlled parameters, but the conditions are somewhat less restrictive than those in Test Method A. For on-line measurement, also see Test Method D6569 which provides more detail.1.4 Both test methods are based on the pH scale established by NIST (formerly NBS) Standard Reference Materials.21.5 Neither test method is considered to be adequate for measurement of pH in water whose conductivity is less than about 5 μS/cm. Refer to Test Methods D5128 and D5464.1.6 Precision and bias data were obtained using buffer solutions only. It is the user's responsibility to assure the validity of these test methods for untested types of water.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This test method details the standard procedure for measuring the viscosity of resin solutions. The apparatuses required here are constant-temperature water bath, wide-mouthed screw capped bottles, cellophane sheets, No. 2 short taper corks, viscosity tube holder, bottle shaker, timing device, and viscosity tubes. Solid resins are dissolved in organic solvents by cold-cut or hot-cut methods in the laboratory. The viscosity of such prepared solutions, or of commercial solutions of resins is then determined by the bubble time method. The bubble seconds are approximately equal to stokes.1.1 This practice provides instructions for preparing resin solutions viscosity measurement by bubble time method.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 The primary purpose of this practice is to characterize the carbon-type composition of an oil. It is also applicable in observing the effect on oil constitution, of various refining processes such as hydrotreating, solvent extraction, and so forth. It has secondary application in relating the chemical nature of an oil to other phenomena that have been demonstrated to be related to oil composition.5.2 Results obtained by this practice are similar to, but not identical with, results obtained from Test Method D3238. The relationship between the two and the equations used in deriving Fig. 1 are discussed in the literature.45.3 Although this practice tends to give consistent results, it may not compare with direct measurement test methods such as Test Method D2007.1.1 This practice may be used to determine the carbon-type composition of mineral insulating oils by correlation with basic physical properties. For routine analytical purposes it eliminates the necessity for complex fractional separation and purification procedures. The practice is applicable to oils having average molecular weights from 200 to above 600, and 0 to 50 aromatic carbon atoms.1.2 Carbon-type composition is expressed as percentage of aromatic carbons, percentage of naphthenic carbons, and percentage of paraffinic carbons. These values can be obtained from the correlation chart, Fig. 1, if both the viscosity-gravity constant (VGC) and refractivity intercept (ri) of the oil are known. Viscosity, density and relative density (specific gravity), and refractive index are the only experimental data required for use of this test method.FIG. 1 Correlation Chart for Determining % CA, % CN, and % CP1.3 This practice is useful for determining the carbon-type composition of electrical insulating oils of the types commonly used in electric power transformers and transmission cables. It is primarily intended for use with new oils, either inhibited or uninhibited.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车